A lot of changes happen in the body during pregnancy that can cause gastrointestinal upsets. Although many common gastrointestinal issues are simply a result of a growing baby, they can also be caused by the hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy. 

While gastrointestinal discomfort is often short-term and relieved with lifestyle changes or over-the-counter medications, it’s important to know when it’s time to call your doctor. In this article, we will cover some common gastrointestinal complaints, how to treat them at home, and when to seek medical attention.

Nausea and Vomiting

Also known as “morning sickness,” nausea and vomiting during the first trimester of pregnancy are very common. Nausea is often one of the first pregnancy symptoms, and it can occur with or without vomiting. 

Mild to moderate morning sickness can usually be managed without medical treatment. Limiting high-fat foods, eating more fruits and vegetables, eating smaller meals, and staying well-hydrated can lessen thoese symptoms.

If your symptoms don’t improve with time or if they worsen, it’s worth a visit to the doctor for assessment. Dehydration and nutrient deficiencies are risk factors with severe morning sickness. Your obstetrician may recommend medication or dietary changes to help relieve symptoms.

Severe and/or constant nausea and vomiting, (as well as symptoms that persist beyond the first trimester), are signs to make an appointment with your doctor. It may be a rare pregnancy-related condition called hyperemesis gravidarum. This condition can lead to severe dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and weight loss. It often requires medical treatment and, occasionally, hospitalization. 

Nausea and vomiting can also be caused by non-pregnancy-related problems with the stomach, gallbladder, liver, or pancreas.

Heartburn

Heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common complaint during pregnancy, especially during the third trimester as pressure increases on the stomach. Symptoms of heartburn can be reduced by:

  • Avoiding foods that trigger heartburn.
  • Eating smaller meals.
  • Not lying down after eating.
  • Medication, either over-the-counter or prescription.

If heartburn is intense or unrelenting, contact your doctor for further assessment.

Bloating

The accumulation of gas in the gastrointestinal tract, (also known as bloating), is extremely common during pregnancy. Although it can be quite uncomfortable, it’s not usually a cause for concern. Eating smaller meals, avoiding gas-producing foods (Ssee low- FODMAP diet), staying hydrated, exercising, and managing stress are ways to help reduce bloating, gas, and cramps.

Diarrhea

Diarrhea occurs when you experience loose, watery stools that are occurring frequently. It is most commonly caused by food triggers or a viral or bacterial infection. These symptoms are often self-limited and resolve without treatment. It can also occur during the third trimester as you approach labor.

For diarrhea lasting less than one1 week, drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. Eat a bland diet until symptoms resolve. If diarrhea persists or if it is causing you significant discomfort or concern, reach out to your physician for advice. If you experience lower-back pain or increased vaginal discharge with diarrhea, contact your doctor. This can be a sign of preterm labor. Also, you should always contactreach out to your physician if you experience bloody diarrhea.

Constipation

Stools can become harder to pass during pregnancy for a variety of reasons, including the use of prenatal vitamins, pregnancy hormones, and pressure from the growing uterus. Effective ways to prevent or improve constipation include:

  • Drinking plenty of water.
  • Increasing fiber intake.
  • Using stool softeners or laxatives. Your obstetrician or gastroenterologist can provide you a list of drugs that are safe for use during pregnancy.

Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids are veins that become swollen inside and/or outside of the anus. They can be painful or itchy and make passing stool difficult. They are usually caused by ongoing changes in bowel habits brought on during pregnancy and the physical pressure that a growing baby puts on the pelvic floor. Hemorrhoids are more common during the third trimester and post-delivery from pushing during labor.

Make an appointment with your doctor if you think you have hemorrhoids. They can usually be relieved with sitz baths, topical medications, eating a high-fiber diet, and staying well-hydrated. Mitigating diarrhea or constipation also will also improve hemorrhoids. There are also procedures (available such as rubber band ligation) that can be, performed at GastroIntestinal Specialists, if needed. This procedure can be done after delivery of your baby. 

Gastrointestinal issues occur in most women during pregnancy. If your symptoms are severe or causing concern, always contact your obstetrician, primary care provider, or gastroenterologist to determine the appropriate evaluation and treatment, if needed. 

The team at GastroIntestinal Specialists, A.M.C., treats multiple conditions and diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Our board-certified physicians have more than 150 years of combined experience in providing quality care you can trust. To schedule an appointment, call (318) 631-9121 or visit gis.md.